Drug Bytes
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Pharmacies Riding Into The Sunset?
Bodybuilders interested in purchasing anabolic steroids or
growth hormone had to look no further than their home computer to buy the
drugs. That could soon come to an end because of a bill signed by President
Bush. The legislation requires that patients see a doctor and obtain a
prescription for controlled substances before they are allowed to purchase
drugs online. Also, online pharmacies must register with the Drug Enforcement
Administration. The law doesn’t take effect until April 2009, but many
web-hosting companies have already eliminated maverick pharmacies from their
servers. Companies such as GoDaddy.com and Hosting.com have denied service to
pharmacies that do not follow the requirements of the new law. Illegally
selling controlled substances over the Internet is punishable by up to 10 years
in prison. The law won’t affect offshore Internet pharmacies that are not
subject to U.S. law. (USA Today, October 24, 2008)
Steroids
Provide Long-Term Muscular Advantage
Athletes who use anabolic steroids gain more strength, power
and muscle size than they can from weight training alone. A Swedish study
showed that in powerlifters, former steroid users retained an advantage over
nonsteroid users. Muscle biopsies of the vastus lateralis and trapezius muscles
in former steroid users showed increased cell nuclei compared to athletes who
never used steroids. The cell nucleus is the nerve center of the muscle cell
that holds the genetic code for protein synthesis. Muscle cells with more
nuclei have a greater capacity for protein synthesis, which might explain why
former weightlifters regain their strength relatively quickly. Researchers
concluded that anabolic steroids provide an advantage in strength and power
sports even years after athletes stop taking the drug. (Paper presented at The
Integrative Biology Of Exercise V Conference, September 2008)
Ghrelin-Like
Drug Increases Growth Hormone And IGF-1
Ghrelin is a hormone produced mainly in the stomach and the
hypothalamus of the brain that stimulates growth hormone release and increases
appetite. It also plays a vital role in learning and producing nitric oxide, a
chemical that helps regulate blood flow. Growth hormone levels decrease in
middle-aged and older adults, which contribute to a gradual loss of muscle
mass. A study by Rolf Nass from the University of Virginia and colleagues found
that older adults (60-81 years old) who took a ghrelin-like drug (MK-677) for
12 months showed increases in growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor
(IGF-1). They also experienced increases in lean mass and body water, but
decreased LDL (the bad cholesterol). Ghrelin-like drugs might prevent decreases
in growth hormone and IGF-1 and preserve muscle mass in older adults. (Annals
of Internal Medicine,
149:601-611, 2008)
Psychological
Effects Of Anabolic Drugs
Drugs such as anabolic steroids, growth hormone and insulin
used by some athletes have relatively minor side effects compared to more recreationally
popular drugs such as alcohol and tobacco. While the physical effects of
anabolic drugs are well known, the psychological effects are shrouded in
mystery and urban legend. Researchers from the United Kingdom led by Peter
Evans, in a review of literature, concluded that many of the psychological
behaviors of anabolic drug users are pre-existing. Female steroid users, for
example, often take the drugs in response to previous sexual assault or to
increase self-esteem. Psychological side effects are most common among anabolic
steroid users and are more severe in athletes who take higher doses. A slight
majority of steroid users (56 percent) become more psychologically active and
irritable when taking the drug and about 40 percent are somewhat depressed when
going off the drug. However, growth hormone supplements improve cognitive
ability in younger adults and improve mood, energy levels and quality of life
in older adults. Most people use these drugs for cosmetic reasons rather than
to improve athletic performance, so the psychological effects are more
typically linked to pre-existing problems with self-esteem and vanity. (Therapeutics
and Clinical Risk Management, 4: 587-597, 2008)
Growth
Hormone Supplements Increase Strength, Power And Endurance
Growth hormone levels decline gradually in middle-aged and
older adults, which cause decreases in muscle and bone mass, strength, physical
vitality and psychological health. Growth hormone supplements are increasingly
popular for preventing some of these age-linked problems. Yet, physicians
disagree on their benefits and risks. Irish researchers Matthew Widdowson and
James Gibney, using a statistical technique called meta-analysis, combined the
data from 11 large studies on growth hormone supplementation involving 268
people. The analysis showed strong evidence that growth hormone supplements
improved strength, power and maximal oxygen consumption (aerobic capacity). The
degree of improvement was not affected by age or growth hormone dosage.
Combining the results of well-controlled studies clearly showed that growth
hormone supplements improve physical capacity in older adults. (Journal of
Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism, 93:4413-4417, 2008)
Steroid
Users Prone To Violence
The average person perceives young anabolic steroid users as
violent and consumed by “roid rage.” While most studies show that this
psychological profile is largely a myth, some people exhibit disturbing and
dangerous behavior when taking these drugs. Researchers from the University of
Florida Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice found that steroid users
were twice as likely as nonusers to engage in violent behavior. They studied
nearly 7,000 young men and tracked them for eight years between middle school
and high school. Do anabolic steroids promote violence? While the conclusions
of the authors might be true, people who choose to use steroids might have been
more violent in the first place. Other psychological studies of anabolic
steroid users found that most had emotional problems before they used the
drugs. (American Journal of Public Health, 98: 2185-2187, 2008)
Long-Term
Effects Of Anabolic Steroids
Since the 1980s, most anabolic steroid users have been
nonathletes in their late 20s and early 30s who take the drugs for cosmetic
reasons. It is now possible to assess the long-term physical and psychiatric
effects of steroids in some of the older users. A Harvard University study
concluded that some of these former users show an increased incidence of
cardiovascular disease (hardening of the arteries and heart muscle damage).
Some also exhibit nerve cell damage that suggests irreversible psychiatric
disease. Early steroid use does not appear to increase the risk of prostate
cancer. Some of the possible long-term emotional effects include substance
abuse and personality disorders. Millions of people have used anabolic steroids
since the early 1960s. Yet, there are no large population studies demonstrating
definite long-term physical or psychiatric side effects. Conversely, hundreds
of studies have explored the long-term consequences of alcohol and tobacco
abuse. (Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 98:1-12, 2008)
Higher
Testosterone Doses Increase Muscle Size And Strength In Older Men
Men lose muscle strength and size as they age. One reason is
a decrease in testosterone levels and increases in serum hormone binding
globulin, which determine the amount of biologically effective testosterone.
Tom Storer and colleagues from the Boston University School of Medicine found
that muscle mass and strength increased in proportion to dose in older men
taking supplemental testosterone. Men given 300mg per week of testosterone for
20 weeks showed greater changes in muscle mass, leg press strength, power, and
endurance; stair-climbing power, and speed covering 400 meters than men taking
lower doses of the drug (25, 50 and 125mg per week). Subjects were given a drug
to suppress natural testosterone secretion before beginning the experiment, so
that the relationship between blood testosterone levels and changes in strength
and muscle mass could be determined accurately. The authors concluded that
testosterone supplementation increased muscle mass, strength and power but had
little effect on physical function. The changes were proportional to dosage. (Journal
American Geriatrics Society, 56: 1991-1999, 2008)